畜舍颗粒物减排技术研究现状

随着大规模集约化畜牧业的发展，畜牧生产过程中产生的大量悬浮颗粒物（Particulate Matter，PM），已成为大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的重要来源。畜舍粉尘主要来源于饲料、粪便、皮屑、毛发等，其表面附着有细菌、真菌、病毒等致病微生物以及氨气、硫化氢等有害气体，不但严重威胁畜牧场工作人员和家畜的健康，还导致周边大气环境污染。科学适用的PM减排技术是保障畜舍及周边环境空气质量的重要手段。该研究概述了畜舍PM的排放源、特征及危害，从源头、过程、末端3个环节分别论述了国内外畜舍颗粒物减排技术的研究现状及存在问题。源头减排包括饲料、清粪工艺、饲养模式等方面的优化，经济且高效。过程减排包括喷雾降尘、通风除尘、静电除尘等技术，旨在降低舍内悬浮在空气中的颗粒物。喷雾技术相对成熟，但易滋生细菌且不适用于低温季节；通风技术对去除畜舍PM上应用最为广泛且高效，需要综合考虑满足畜舍通风换气与降尘的要求；静电除尘技术对人畜无干扰，但在除尘效率和二次扬尘方面有待进一步优化。末端减排包括洗涤降尘技术与过滤降尘技术，目的是减少PM对外界大气环境的污染。洗涤技术可以去除排气中多种污染物，但设备易腐蚀；过滤技术成本低，对大颗粒物的去除效率高，但易堵塞。该研究对畜舍PM减排技术研究现状进行综述，以期为未来开发高效、节能、经济、环保的畜舍PM减排技术提供参考。     

转光膜在设施生菜种植的应用

转光膜是一种可以转换光质,并且把吸收的太阳光转换成植物光合作用所需光的功能性农膜。以意大利生菜为试验材料,在日光温室条件下进行了转光膜和普通膜对照试验,研究转光膜对温室环境、土壤环境以及生菜生长发育的影响,以期为转光膜在农业发展上提供参考依据。结果表明:转光膜有效提升了温室环境参数,在整个生育期内,转光膜温室的平均空气温度、平均光照强度、平均CO₂浓度以及土壤温度较普通膜温室分别提高了2.10%、3.79%、31.73%和3.32%。对于作物生长来说,转光膜温室下生菜的株高、叶长和SPAD较普通膜温室分别提高了3.55%、2.55%和2.42%,生菜平均公顷增产8.54%。整体来看,在转光膜的使用下,温室的空气、光照及土壤环境参数有所提升,进一步促进了生菜生长形态和产量形成.     

环境因子对龙牙百合脱毒组培苗移栽成活率的影响

以万载县龙牙百合鳞茎诱导的组培苗为试材,采用正交实验分析了温度、湿度、光照等环境因子对移栽成活率的影响,以期明确环境因子对龙牙百合脱毒组培苗移栽成活率的影响。结果表明:1)单一环境因子中,龙牙百合移栽成活率随试验温度、湿度的升高均呈先升后降趋势,温度高于25℃时,移栽成活率达87.0%以上,湿度在70%~80%时有利于移栽的成活;随着试验光照强度的增强移栽成活率呈升高趋势,组培苗光照系统虽然较弱,但强光照能够促进光合系统发育,促进移栽成活率的提高;2)环境因子交互影响移栽成活,温度是龙牙百合组培苗移栽成活的主要因子,其次依次为湿度、光照强度,试验环境因子最优组合为温度25℃+湿度85%+光照强度30%、温度25℃+湿度75%+光照强度30%;3)全年中移栽成活率为20.0%~95.0%,成活率峰值出现在3、10月,7、8月不适宜移栽,龙牙百合组培苗应在上半年尽早移栽。因此,龙牙百合组培苗移栽时应在适宜生长的上半年尽早栽种,温度在25℃以上、基质湿度70%以上、不遮阴处理能够有效提高移栽成活率。     

广西红椎树干径向生长研究

【目的】评估红椎Castanopsis hystrix树干径向生长日变化和季节变化特征,探讨其径向生长的影响因子及作用机制,丰富南亚热带树木径向生长动态的观测数据,提高全球气候变化下红椎生长的可预测性。【方法】利用树干径向变化记录仪,连续记录不同分化等级红椎树干径向生长变化过程,同步监测气象环境因子,分析树干径向生长与各因子之间的相关关系。【结果】年尺度上的红椎树干径向生长月均日变化循环模式均为夏季模式,优势木的径向变化峰值、谷值和振幅明显大于一般木和被压木。红椎树干径向累积生长表现为"S"型曲线。树干径向累积生长量表现为优势木最大(7 138μm),一般木次之(2 466μm),被压木最小(267μm)。径向最大生长速度及其出现时间在不同样树间均存在较大差异,优势木、一般木和被压木树干径向生长的最大速度分别为46.14、12.21和1.70μm·d~(-1),分别出现在一年中的第146、163和190天。优势木主要生长时期为一年中的第59～331天,一般木为第73～317天,被压木不存在主要生长时期。Pearson相关系数、主成分分析和偏相关分析表明,影响优势木树干径向生长的气象环境因子主要有日均相对空气湿度(RH)、日降雨量(P)和深度为20 cm土壤的日均含水率(φ_(s20));影响一般木树干径向生长的气象环境因子主要有日均相对空气湿度、日降雨量、深度为20 cm土壤的日均含水率和日均辐射(SR);得出优势木和一般木的树干径向日生长量(SRI)模型分别为SRI=0.955RH+1.909P-418.406φ_(s20)和SRI=-0.002SR+1.101RH+1.139P-579.751φ_(s20),R~2分别为0.525和0.342。【结论】不同分化等级红椎树干径向生长月均日变化循环模式一致,但径向累积生长量、径向最大生长速度及其出现时间、对气象环境因子的响应在不同样树间均存在较大差异。     

武汉市典型道旁绿地消减空气细微颗粒物的作用研究

将武汉市洪山区巡司河风情公园作为典型道旁绿化带，通过在其中4种结构绿地（草坪、疏林、密林、广场）内设置监测点，监测分析不同结构绿地内PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度日变化规律，以揭示不同结构道旁绿地对空气细微颗粒物的消减作用及其影响因素。结果表明:1）PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度日变化趋势一致，呈现“单峰单谷”型，其质量浓度在9:00达到最高值，随后开始下降，至15:00达到最低值，之后一直呈上升趋势；2）4种绿地对粉尘颗粒物的消减作用存在明显差异，PM_2.5和PM₁₀的消减率大小排序一致，表现为密林>疏林>草坪>广场，表明郁闭度高的多复层结构的植物配置模式对空气颗粒污染物的消减作用明显优于单层结构；3）在空间变化上，PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度的消减率在一定范围内随绿化带宽度的增加而升高，当宽度在15~25 m时，能较好地消减空气中的细微颗粒物浓度；4）4种结构绿地内PM_2.5和PM₁₀的质量浓度受环境因素的影响，均与温度呈显著负相关（P<0.01），与相对湿度呈显著正相关（P<0.01），与风速和车流量的相关性不显著。     

冷季新疆细毛羯羔气体能量代谢与环境温度关系的初步研究

在冷季用气体能量代谢方法测定4头新疆细毛羯羔的白昼产热量,在一般饲喂条件下为73.4±15.1卡/分·W~(0.75),饥饿条件下为52.0±11.0卡/分·W~(0.75)。产热量与环境温度呈线性负相关,相关方程和决定系数在饲喂条件下分别为Q=-1.15t 67.43和r~2=0.48,饥饿时为Q=-1.47t 43.07和r~2=0.60。动物饥饿时呼出气中不含甲烷;饲喂条件下如不测定甲烷,所得产热量约高3.8％。     

Estimates of genetic and environmental variability of biochemical constituents and colour in processing-tomatoes in Southern Nigeria

Seven cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculeutum Mill.) were planted at 2 locations and 2 seasons to obtain estimates of their genotypic and environmental variability. pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, total soluble solids and pulp colour were affected by season, while the titratable acidity and colour were also affected by location. All cultivars were found suitable for processing with regard to pH, but the other characteristics varied with cultivar, some being below standards for processing in some cultivars. The characteristics were heritable to an appreciable degree, indicating that a new adapted cultivar may be developed.     

Seasonality of serum levels of vitellogenin in male Japanese whiting, Sillago japonica, reared under natural temperature and photoperiod

ABSTRACT:   Because blood vitellogenin (Vg) has been considered a biomarker for environmental estrogens, the basal levels of Vg and 17β-estradiol (E₂) were determined in male Japanese whiting reared under natural conditions. Serum levels of Vg and E₂ were measured and gonadal development was assessed by gonadosomatic index (GSI) and histological observation in 8–10 male fish at monthly intervals throughout the annual reproductive cycle. Serum E₂ was <60 pg/mL throughout the study period. In contrast, serum Vg exhibited seasonal changes: serum levels of Vg gradually increased from April to May (mean 63 ± 13 ng/mL and 124 ± 48 ng/mL in April and May, respectively), and then reached a peak value (mean 352 ± 68 ng/mL) in June. Thereafter, serum Vg gradually decreased, reaching undetectable levels (<50 ng/mL) in October. Serum levels of Vg tended to increase in the male fish in which the GSI was >1%. Histological observation revealed that testes in such male fish were in active spermatogenesis and then all of the testes of male fish in which serum Vg decreased to ND levels were regressed. These results suggest that Vg productive potency (sensitivity to estrogens) may increase in the spermatogenic stage, resulting in production of Vg in response to very low levels of natural or xenobiotic estrogens.     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Konkurrenz auf die Bestandesentwicklung von Sommerraps bei unterschiedlicher Gunst der Umweltbedingungen

Investigations on the effect of competition with regard to the stand development of spring oilseed rape as dependent on environmental conditions
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the frequency distribution in spring oilseed rape as dependent on environmental growing conditions and plant density. As measures for frequency distribution skewness and kurtosis were estimated. The plant character determined was single plant dry matter. To understand the changes in the stand structure, samples were taken at the following developmental stages: rosette, begin of flowering, end of flowering and ripeness (harvest). Plant densities ranged from 60 plants/m², 90 plants/m² till 120 plants/m²
The results show that under unfavourable growing conditions, generally speaking, the values of (positive) skewness and kurtosis increase with the development of the plants; under favourable growing conditions, however, the values of skewness and kurtosis decrease from rosette till harvest.
Under unfavourable growing conditions as well as favourable ones, the values of skewness and kurtosis increase with strengthening of plant competition as consequence of increasing plant density. However, the trend during development and the height of the values as well as the quantitative relationships are strongly controlled by the general growing conditions. Frequency distribution, therefore, is not only a result of plant competition but also of differences in resources due to the general conditions of the location.     

食用菌产前、产中、采后无公害生产技术

分析了发展食用菌无公害生产的优势、特点和重要意义。结合实践经验，并吸收国内外相关技术，提出了食用菌产前、产中、采后无公害生产的措施和技术要点。